智財權簡訊

本　期　提　要HEADLINES

1.著作權法部分條文修正草案
按著作權法自民國十七年五月十四日制定公布施行，先後經三十三年、三十八年、五十三年、七十四年、七十九年、八十一年、八十二年、八十七年及九十年多次修正。近年來數位化網際網路科技固然為全球資訊傳播與電子商務活動帶來無限可能，同時亦對於著作權之保護造成前所未有之挑戰，傳統著作權法制是否得以因應此一快速、廣泛之資訊傳播環境，為國際間所關切，如何於保障著作人權利之外，兼顧公眾資訊取得之自由與資訊科技之繼續發展，為當前國際著作權法制之重要課題。

世界智慧財產權組織(WIPO)於民國八十五年十二月底通過「世界智慧財產權組織著作權條約」及「世界智慧財產權組織表演及錄音物條約」等二項國際條約，即在因應數位化網際網路科技對傳統著作權法制所產生之各項衝擊，現行著作權法對於數位化網際網路科技發展後所產生之各項議題，尚未及作適當之調整。經濟部智慧財產局為促進資訊傳播與電子商務之蓬勃發展，提昇著作人於數位化網際網路科技環境中之保護，符合國際著作權法制之發展趨勢，另依據實務經驗，現行著作權法乃有修正之必要，爰擬訂「著作權法部分條文修正草案」；該草案現由行政院審查中。是項草案計三十四條，其中修正二十五條，增訂八條，刪除一條，修正要點如次：

(1) 增訂公開傳播權並修正公開播送及公開演出之定義：
「世界智慧財產權組織著作權條約」第八條規定，著作人應享有公開傳播權，其內容並及於互動式傳播及對公眾提供著作之權利，「世界智慧財產權組織表演及錄音物條約」第十條及第十四條規定，表演人及錄音物製作人應享有對公眾提供其表演及錄音物之權利。又現行著作權法第三條第一項第九款關於「公開演出」之定義與伯恩公約第十一條之一「公開播送」之定義尚有差距，爰增訂公開傳播權並修正公開播送及公開演出之定義，又為維持法律秩序之穩定性，並增訂公開播送及公開演出定義之修正不溯及既往之規定(修正條文第三條第一項第七款至第九款、第十一款、第二十四條及第一百十三條之一)。
(2) 增訂科技保護措施及電子化著作權權利管理資訊保護規定：
數位化網際網路科技之環境下，著作權人為保護其權利，常以科技措施保護其著作，避免被非法利用，任何提供各種方式以規避該等科技保護措施者，雖未直接為侵害著作權之行為，惟對於著作權之侵害有促進、輔助之效果，應予遏止。參酌「世界智慧財產權組織著作權條約」第十一條及「世界智慧財產權組織表演及錄音物條約」第十八條規定，要求對此情形應作適當之規定，以保障著作權，並提供有效之法律救濟；又於數位化環境下，著作權人就其著作常附記有電子化著作權權利管理資訊，如加以刪除或竄改，或明知其已被刪除或竄改，仍加以散布等，對權利人將造成嚴重損害，「世界智慧財產權組織著作權條約」第十二條及「世界智慧財產權組織表演及錄音物條約」第十九條乃要求應予適當及有效之保護及救濟，爰增訂相關規定，以保護著作權人之權益(修正條文第三條第一項第十七款、第十八款、第八十七條第一項第五款、第六款、第二項、第九十三條之一)。
(3) 修正合理使用規定：
國家制定著作權法固以保障著作人著作權益為目的，惟為兼顧調和社會公共利益，促進國家文化之整體發展，於必要時，亦須予以限制，爰配合電腦網路利用形態，針對修正條文第二十四條新賦予著作人「公開傳播權」之情形，並就其他相關條文作適當修正，以臻明確；又為使一般大眾對於合理使用之範疇明確認知，以免動輒構成侵害著作財產權，爰修正著作權人與利用人得協商約定著作之合理使用參考基準，協商不成者，得申請諮詢著作權專責機關意見。(修正條文第四十九條、第五十條、第五十三條、第五十六條、第六十條、第六十五條第三項及第八十二條第一項第四款)。
(4) 增訂製版權之讓與或信託登記規定：
信託法第四條第一項規定：「以應登記或註冊之財產權為信託者，非經信託登記，不得對抗第三人。」現行著作權法第七十九條對於製版權之取得固採登記主義，惟關於製版權之讓與或信託，則無登記之規定，為配合信託法第四條第一項之規定，爰有增訂製版權之讓與或信託登記規定之必要。又為貫徹該項公示制度之執行，確保其法律效果，該項製版權讓與及信託登記規定有溯及適用之必要，併予增訂回溯規定(修正條文第七十九條第四項及第一百十三條之二)。
(5) 強化著作權或製版權爭議調解之效力：
現行主管機關之著作權審議及調解委員會之著作權或製版權爭議調解，僅具民法上和解之效果，無法獲得重視，徒增各方訟累，爰強化該調解功能，增訂調解經法院核定後，當事人就該事件不得再行起訴、告訴或自訴，並使調解與法院之民事確定判決有同一之效力(修正條文第八十二條之一至第八十二條之五)。
(6) 修正侵害著作權及製版權刑責規定：
按關於著作權之侵害，依世界貿易組織條約附錄「與貿易有關之智慧財產權協定」第六十一條前段規定：「會員至少應對具有商業規模而故意仿冒商標或侵害著作權之案件，訂定刑事程序及罰則。救濟措施應包括足可產生嚇阻作用之徒刑及（或）罰金，並應和同等程度之其他刑事案件之量刑一致。」其對於意圖營利之侵害，固要求應以刑罰遏止之，至於無營利意圖之侵害，則未要求必須以刑罰處罰之，其委由民事程序救濟，應為已足，經檢討後，修正條文爰就侵害著作人格權、未刪除備用存檔電腦程式著作重製物、無營利意圖之侵害著作財產權及所有侵害製版權之行為等，予以除罪化，僅就意圖營利而侵害著作財產權之行為，以及為法人之利益，以重製之方法侵害他人之著作財產權者，予以刑事處罰，並增訂拘役之自由刑及提高罰金刑，藉短期自由刑及加重侵害者經濟上之處罰，以有效遏止侵權之泛濫(修正條文第九十一條至第九十三條、第九十五條、第九十六條及第一百條)。
Draft Partial Amendments to Copyright Law
Since its first promulgation and taking effect on May 14, 1928, the Copyright Law has undergone a great number of amendments in 1944, 1949, 1964, 1985, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1998 and 2001 respectively. In recent years, information digitalization and the Internet have created innumerable possibilities for global communication and electronic commerce; but at the same time, they also represent unprecedented challenges for copyright protection. The question of whether traditional copyright regimes can adapt to such speedy and widespread information transfer mechanisms has become a great global concern. Therefore, a significant issue for international copyright laws is how to protect the rights and interests of copyright owners, while ensuring that the public can have free access to information, so as to allow continual advancements in technology.

In December 1996 the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) adopted two international treaties, being the "WIPO Copyright Treaty" and the "WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty", in response to the impact of digital information technology on traditional copyright laws. The ROC Copyright Law currently in force on the other hand has not yet fully adapted to issues created by digital information technology. In order to ensure free information flow, continued development of E-Commerce, as well as protection of copyright owners in this new environment, the MOEA finds that there is a need to revise the Copyright Law currently in force. Taking into account developments in international copyright laws as well as practical experience, the MOEA has drafted "Partial Amendments to the Copyright Law" and has submitted the same to the Executive Yuan for consideration. These amendments consist of revisions to 25 articles, insertion of 8 new articles, and deletion of 1 article. Below is a summary of these amendments:

(1) Insert provisions concerning "right of communication to public", and revise definitions of "public broadcast" and "public performance":
Article 8 of the "WIPO Copyright Treaty" provides that copyright owners enjoy a "right of communication to the public", which includes interactive communications as well as on-demand communications. Articles 10 and 14 of "WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty" provide that performers and phonogram producers enjoy the right to make their performances and/or phonograms available to the public. In the Copyright Law currently in force, the definition of "public performance" in Sub-paragraph 9, Paragraph 1 of Article 3 is inconsistent with the definition of "public broadcast" in Article 11-1 of the Berne Convention; accordingly, provisions concerning "right of communication to the public" are inserted, and definitions of "public broadcast" and "public performance" are revised. In order to maintain certainty in the law, these definition revisions will not have retroactive effect (amend Article 3, Paragraphs 1, Subparagraphs 7 to 9 and 11, and Articles 24 and 113-1).
(2) Insert provisions concerning technical protective mechanisms & electronic rights management information:
Given an environment of digital and Internet technologies, copyright owners often adopt technical protective mechanisms in order to protect their works from unauthorized usage. Although acts in attempt to circumvent or decode such mechanisms are not direct infringements of copyright, they are nonetheless abetting infringements of copyright and should be prohibited. Article 11 of the "WIPO Copyright Treaty" and Article 18 of the "WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty" both require countries to take appropriate legislative measures in these circumstances, so as to protect owners' copyright and offer effective legal remedies. In addition, owners frequently have electronic rights management information in respect of their works; if such works are then erased or altered, or distributed knowing they have been erased or altered, it will represent substantial damage to the owners. Therefore, Article 12 of the "WIPO Copyright Treaty" and Article 19 of the "WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty" both require appropriate protection and remedies be enacted in these circumstances. Therefore, these provisions have been inserted to protect the rights of copyright owners (amend Article 3, Paragraph 1, Subparagraphs 17 and 18; Article 87, Paragraph 1, Subparagraph 5 and 6 and Paragraph 2; and Article 93-1).
(3) Amend provisions relating to "reasonable use":
While the Copyright Law is enacted to protect the copyright of authors, it must also take into account public rights and country's overall cultural development. Where necessary, the right of authors must be restricted. Therefore, in line with the use of computers and Internet in today's environment, the Copyright Law is revised with reference to the newly inserted "right of communication to the public" in Article 24. Other related provisions have also been amended, to give greater legal certainty. Further, in order to ensure that the general public is aware of what constitutes a "reasonable use", so as to avoid litigation, a mechanism for negotiation between copyright owners and users has been established for determining a set of standards for "reasonable use". Where negotiation fails, the parties may apply to the competent copyright authorities for comments (amend Articles 49, 50, 53, 56, 60, 65 Paragraph 3, and 82 Paragraph 1 Subparagraph 4).
(4) Insert provisions concerning assignment or registration of trust in respect of plate rights:
Article 4, Paragraph 1 of the Trust Law stipulates that: "Where a property right that should be registered is the subject matter of a trust, then unless such trust has been registered, it is ineffective as against a third party." While the present Article 79 of the Copyright Law requires plate rights to be registered, there is no requirement for registration of plate right assignments or trusts. Therefore, it is necessary to insert provisions concerning registration of plate right assignments and trusts, so as to be consistent with provisions of the Trust Law. In addition, in order to ensure that this system of "public notice" will be fully effective, it is necessary to make these registration provisions retroactive (amend Article 79, Paragraph 4 and Article 113-2).
(5) Strengthen binding force of copyright or plate right dispute mediations:
Presently the decisions of the Copyright Examination & Mediation Committee in mediating copyright or plate right disputes only have the force of civil settlements, and are undervalued by the parties, with the result that further litigation may still take place. In order to strengthen the Committee's mediation function, new provisions in the Copyright Law are inserted, stipulating that mediation decisions of the competent copyright mediation authority are to have equal force as affirmed civil judgments by the court, so that once the mediation process has been concluded and approved by the court, the parties may not file a separate civil or criminal suit in respect of the same case (amend Articles 82-1 to 82-5).
(6) Amend penalty provisions concerning infringement of copyright and/or plate right:
Pursuant to Article 61 of WIPO's TRIPS Agreement, "Members shall provide for criminal procedures and penalties to be applied at least in cases of wilful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale. Remedies available shall include imprisonment and/or monetary fines sufficient to provide a deterrent, consistently with the level of penalties applied for crimes of a corresponding gravity." While TRIPS requires the criminal penalties be applied in respect of commercial-oriented infringements, it does not require the same for non-commercial-oriented infringements, for which civil remedies would appear to be sufficient. Accordingly, the amended provisions decriminalize infringements of moral rights, non-commercial infringements of copyright, plate rights, and infringement by way of failure to erase reproduced back-up copies of computer programs. Criminal penalties will only apply to commercial infringements of copyright, and infringing reproductions of other people's copyright for the benefit of a juridical person. Provisions have also been inserted imposing penalties of detention and increased fines, in order to prevent infringing activities (amend Articles 91 to 93, 95, 96 and 100).
2. 新修正音樂著作強制授權申請許可及使用報酬辦法
經濟部於九十一年二月二十日以經智字第０九一０四六０三一四一號令修正發布「音樂著作強制授權申請許可及使用報酬辦法」，全文資料可至智慧財產局如下網址瀏覽http://www.moeaipo.gov.tw/copyright/copyright_law/ copyright_law_1_4.asp
Amended "Regulations for Compulsory Licensing & License Fees for Musical Works"
On February 20, 2002 the MOEA announced the revised "Regulations for Compulsory Licensing & License Fees for Musical Works", by the MOEA order Chin-Chi-09104603141. The full document of these Regulations can be found at the IPO's website at:
http://www.moeaipo.gov.tw/copyright/copyright_law/copyright_law_1_4.asp.
3. 光碟管理業務及查核作業實施要點
經濟部為利協調聯繫相關單位執行「光碟管理條例」事項，特訂定「光碟管理業務及查核作業實施要點」，並於九十一年一月二十一日施行，該要點未規定者，依行政程序法規定處理。

依該要點，經濟部為執行光碟查核作業，由該部查禁仿冒商品小組、智慧財產局、工業局、國際貿易局及標準檢驗局派員組成聯合查核小組，並得視需要請司法警察機關協助；查禁仿冒商品小組則負責召集，並綜理查核之執行、協調、建檔以及其他相關事宜。聯合查核小組查核地點包括合法或非法製造光碟、母版之場所及其他有關處所，而查核方式採定期或不定期方式，分階段實施，但對於檢舉或相關單位通報者，優先查處。
相關單位執行前揭條例之權責劃分如下：
(1) 工業局：光碟製造申請許可及申報之程序、內容、應備文件及其他應遵行事項之辦法。
(2) 智慧財產局：來源識別碼之申請程序、壓印標示方式、應備文件及其他應遵行事項之辦法。
(3) 國際貿易局：製造機具輸出或輸入之申報程序、應備文件及其他應遵行事項之辦法。
(4) 標準檢驗局：來源識別碼壓印標示之檢查。
(5) 查禁仿冒商品小組：綜理光碟管理條例執行事項。
(6) 財政部關稅總局及各關稅局：邊境查核。

前揭要點詳細資料可至智慧財產局如下網址瀏覽http://www.moeaipo.gov.tw/library/otherlaw/cdman_5.asp
Optical Media Management Law in Practice
In order to coordinate the government departments involved in enforcing the Optical Media Management Law, the MOEA had enacted the "Enforcement Guidelines for Optical Media Management Matters & Investigation Procedures", which came into force on January 21, 2002. Matters not stipulated within these Guidelines are to be dealt with in accordance with the Law of Administrative Procedure.

According to these Guidelines, the MOEA will form a joint investigation taskforce comprising of the Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce, the Intellectual Property Office, the Industrial Development Bureau, the Board of Foreign Trade, and the Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection (BSMI). Where necessary, the joint investigation taskforce can also request the assistance of judicial and police departments. The Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce will be responsible for calling and coordinating the execution of investigations, as well as managing the filing and other relevant matters. The investigation taskforce will focus on investigating locations where optical media and master disks may be legally or illegally manufactured, as well as other related locations, and investigations may take place regularly or irregularly in stages. However, they will give priority to investigating locations subject to a complaint by the general public or a governmental department.

The division of responsibilities for the relevant departments is as follows:
(1) Industrial Development Bureau: in charge of applications for optical media manufacturing permits, the procedures, contents and documents required for declarations, and other related matters.
(2) Intellectual Property Office: in charge of application procedures for source identification codes, how printed labels should be made, required documents and other related matters.
(3) Board of Foreign Trade: in charge of declaration procedures for importing or exporting manufacturing machinery and equipment, required documents and other related matters.
(4) BSMI: in charge of inspection of source identification code printed labels.
(5) Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce: in charge of coordinating Optical Media Management Law enforcement matters.
(6) General Directorate of Customs and its subordinate offices of the MOF: border investigations.

Detailed information concerning the aforementioned Guidelines can be found at the IPO's website at:
http://www.moeaipo.gov.tw/library/otherlaw/cdman_5.asp.
4. 智慧局籲請相關各界提出商標申請書表意見
經濟部智慧財產局於九十年六月一日起實施新式商標各項申請書表(http://www.moeaipo.gov.tw/trademark/ trademark_table.asp)，唯為使相關書表之使用符合實際需要，該局於日前籲請相關各界於本(九十一)年四月一日前，以電子郵件(ipotr@mail.moeaipo.gov.tw)或傳真(02-27359095)方式，針對實務上填寫及申請作業上提出相關意見，以供該局彙整修正。
IPO Calls for Public Comments on Trademark Application Forms
On June 1, 2001 the IPO began to adopt new application forms for trademarks applications (http://www.moeaipo.gov. tw/trademark/trademark_table.asp). In order to make these forms even better suited to practical needs, the IPO calls upon the public to submit their comments about completion of the forms and application procedures in practice. These comments should be submitted before April 1, 2002 by E-mail (ipotr@mail.moeaipo.gov.tw) or by fax (02-27359095), and the IPO will make necessary revisions based on these public suggestions.